A Timeline of Bulgaria
Prehistoric Cultures (circa 6,000 BC - 3,000 BC)
The lands of modern-day Bulgaria were inhabited by various ancient cultures. The Varna Necropolis, discovered near the Black Sea coast, contains some of the world's oldest processed gold artefacts, testifying to the region's rich prehistoric heritage.
Thracian Dominance (circa 3,000 BC - 500 BC)
The Thracians, a group of Indo-European tribes, settled in the region. They established powerful kingdoms, and their warriors and craftsmen became renowned throughout the ancient world. The Thracians left behind impressive tombs and treasures, such as the Panagyurishte Gold Treasure.
Persian and Macedonian Invasions (500 BC - 323 BC)
Bulgaria became a battleground for larger empires. First, the Persians invaded, incorporating parts of Thrace into their empire. Later, Alexander the Great's Macedonian Empire expanded into the region.
Roman Rule (29 BC - 5th century AD)
After a series of conflicts, the Romans annexed parts of Bulgaria. The region prospered under Roman rule, with cities like Plovdiv (then Philippopolis) becoming significant urban centres. The construction of roads, fortresses, and public buildings marked this era.
Rise of the First Bulgarian Empire (681 AD - 1018 AD)
Founded by Khan Asparuh, the First Bulgarian Empire emerged as a significant European power. The adoption of Christianity in 864 AD under Prince Boris I marked a pivotal cultural and religious transformation.
Byzantine Control and the Second Bulgarian Empire (1018 AD - 1396 AD)
After a period of Byzantine rule, the Second Bulgarian Empire emerged in the late 12th century. Under Tsars like Ivan Asen II, Bulgaria experienced a cultural and military renaissance. However, internal strife weakened the empire over time.
Ottoman Occupation (1396 AD - 1878 AD)
The Ottomans conquered Bulgaria, bringing with them significant cultural, religious, and administrative changes. While the Bulgarian nobility was largely dismantled, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church retained some autonomy. Revolts, such as the April Uprising of 1876, showcased Bulgarian resistance against Ottoman rule.
Liberation and the Third Bulgarian State (1878 AD - 1946 AD)
The Russo-Turkish War led to the Treaty of San Stefano and later the Treaty of Berlin, which established an autonomous Bulgarian principality. Bulgaria declared full independence in 1908. The Balkan Wars and World Wars further shaped Bulgaria's modern boundaries and political landscape.
Communist Era (1946 AD - 1989 AD)
After World War II, with Soviet backing, Bulgaria became a People's Republic. The country underwent rapid industrialisation and collectivisation under communist rule. However, this period also saw political repression and a curbing of civil liberties.
Modern Bulgaria (1989 AD - Present)
The fall of communism in 1989 paved the way for Bulgaria's transition to democracy. Joining NATO in 2004 and the European Union in 2007, Bulgaria has been striving to strengthen its institutions, economy, and ties with Western nations.
