A Timeline of Chad

Early Inhabitants and Migration (circa 5000 BC - 1000 BC)

The Lake Chad Basin was a hub of human activity, with evidence of agriculture and animal domestication. The Sao civilisation emerged around the lake, leaving behind intricate pottery and sculptures.

Sao Civilisation (circa 500 AD - 1500 AD)

The Sao people established city-states near Lake Chad, engaging in trade and agriculture. Their society was complex, with social hierarchies and religious practices. They were skilled metalworkers, creating tools and ornaments.

Kanem-Bornu Empire (9th Century - 19th Century)

The Kanem Empire, later merging with Bornu, became one of the most powerful states in Central Africa. It was a centre of Islamic learning and trade, connecting North Africa with Sub-Saharan Africa. The empire was ruled by the Sayfawa dynasty, who maintained a strong military.

Islamic Influence and Expansion (11th Century - 16th Century)

Islam was introduced to the region through trade and scholarly exchange. The Kanem-Bornu Empire adopted Islam, which became a unifying force and facilitated trade relations with Muslim states in North Africa.

Internal Conflicts and Power Struggles (16th Century - 19th Century)

The empire faced internal divisions and external invasions, leading to a period of decline. However, the empire managed to survive through strategic alliances and military campaigns, often led by powerful rulers like Idris Alooma.

Ouaddai and Bagirmi Kingdoms (16th Century - 19th Century)

Emerging in the east and south of Lake Chad, the Ouaddai and Bagirmi kingdoms became significant political entities. They were often in conflict with the Kanem-Bornu Empire, vying for control over trade routes and resources.

European Exploration and Colonisation (19th Century - 20th Century)

European explorers arrived in the late 19th century, mapping the region and making contact with local rulers. Chad became a French colony in 1900, leading to resistance movements and eventual independence in 1960.

Independence and Modern Era (1960 - Present)

Chad gained independence from France in 1960. The post-independence period has been marked by civil wars, conflicts, and attempts at nation-building. The country continues to grapple with political instability and social issues.